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Kamis, 29 Mei 2008
Stamp collecting
Let's change the subject. To stamps. Yes indeed, the little sticky things one affixes to envelopes. Daydream for just a moment…
…Here's your nightmare. A postage stamp was produced in Burundi in 1945 and is considered the world's most valuable collectors' stamp, primarily because of a printing error. It seems that the dot on the "i" in Burundi was forgotten in one batch. And before the error was caught, a few went out. So this is the world's rarest postage stamp. Now you, being the clever type that you are, get hold of some of the regular stamps and carefully erase the dot on the i. Then you sell them as the very rare type. But horror of horrors, your customers call in the police. As the police take you away shrieking and babbling you protest: "Why me? I didn't add anything. Furs are treated, fruit is treated, everything is treated nowadays." But the cops do not listen. Instead you are thrown in some hell hole of a jail with inmates whose only retort is "Why you? Why you ? Ha ha ha ha hee hee ha ha ha……… bend over."
…Here's your nightmare. A postage stamp was produced in Burundi in 1945 and is considered the world's most valuable collectors' stamp, primarily because of a printing error. It seems that the dot on the "i" in Burundi was forgotten in one batch. And before the error was caught, a few went out. So this is the world's rarest postage stamp. Now you, being the clever type that you are, get hold of some of the regular stamps and carefully erase the dot on the i. Then you sell them as the very rare type. But horror of horrors, your customers call in the police. As the police take you away shrieking and babbling you protest: "Why me? I didn't add anything. Furs are treated, fruit is treated, everything is treated nowadays." But the cops do not listen. Instead you are thrown in some hell hole of a jail with inmates whose only retort is "Why you? Why you ? Ha ha ha ha hee hee ha ha ha……… bend over."
Deep diffusion– total oneness (or just TV evangelism)?
Do deep surface-diffusion treated sapphires (DSDTCs) represent gem treatment nirvana? Or are they just the Disneyland representation of the place? The original Linde patents claimed a maximum penetration of 0.50 mm, while the deepest penetration measured on the D-SDTCs is 0.40 mm. In all other respects they resemble the Linde material. So, gentle readers, this is what I say: "No way, Ray!"
But this does beg the question of why deep diffusion has created such a furor in Bangkok when the earlier activities by Thai burners raised not even a ripple. Good question. Mighty good question. It just may have something to do with the fact that the profit from the earlier doings went to local traders, while those of today go to heathens from out of town. Or maybe (and hopefully) people have finally realized that the gem-treatment genie, once out of the bottle, is a bit difficult to contain.
But this does beg the question of why deep diffusion has created such a furor in Bangkok when the earlier activities by Thai burners raised not even a ripple. Good question. Mighty good question. It just may have something to do with the fact that the profit from the earlier doings went to local traders, while those of today go to heathens from out of town. Or maybe (and hopefully) people have finally realized that the gem-treatment genie, once out of the bottle, is a bit difficult to contain.
The deep diffusion mutant– Kill it before it mates
Beginning in mid-1989, I heard about deep surface diffusion treated corundums, or D-SDTCs. Yes, that's right – deeeeep surface diffusion-treated blues. In April, 1990, after learning who was involved, I approached the principals (Las Vegas-based Gem Source) for more info. They were generous in offering both samples for study and information about their marketing plans. They planned, and have, sold the material for what it is – surface-diffusion treated corundum.
But all was not well in the Land of Blue. Jeffery Bergman of Gem Source told me in June 1991 that he had received more than ten death threats, presumably coming from paranoid Bangkok dealers who feared that the D-SDTCs would wreak havoc on the natural sapphire market. Bad craziness indeed, but it couldn't help but bring a smile to my face – the very idea that something might destroy the natural blue sapphire market. "What market?" thought I, "there are practically no natural blue sapphires being traded in 1991."
But all was not well in the Land of Blue. Jeffery Bergman of Gem Source told me in June 1991 that he had received more than ten death threats, presumably coming from paranoid Bangkok dealers who feared that the D-SDTCs would wreak havoc on the natural sapphire market. Bad craziness indeed, but it couldn't help but bring a smile to my face – the very idea that something might destroy the natural blue sapphire market. "What market?" thought I, "there are practically no natural blue sapphires being traded in 1991."
Return of the diffusion zombie
In mid-1988, I again began to see surface-diffusion treated corundums, or SDTCs, in Bangkok, but this time with a more sinister glint. It had always been in the back of my mind that, rather than taking near-colorless sapphires and treating them to a deep blue, some day treaters were going to take a stone which already had a lot of color of its own and just give it, via surface diffusion, a bit more. This is what happened in mid-1988 – to such an extent that I reported the matter to the International Colored Stone Association.
Treaters were taking medium-quality Kanchanaburi sapphires that had a lot of color of their own, but were heavily zoned, and diffusing their problems away.
Because certain burners were disappointed that their best efforts could still be identified, they embarked upon a campaign of threat and innuendo against Bangkok gemologists. But this had little effect, eventually giving way to…
Treaters were taking medium-quality Kanchanaburi sapphires that had a lot of color of their own, but were heavily zoned, and diffusing their problems away.
Because certain burners were disappointed that their best efforts could still be identified, they embarked upon a campaign of threat and innuendo against Bangkok gemologists. But this had little effect, eventually giving way to…
Surface diffusion 101
The surface diffusion treatment was first developed at Union Carbide's Linde division in the US. Linde, the first company to synthesize star corundum, had problems obtaining both uniform color and uniform silk in the same stone. Here's the recipe for cooking sapphires the Linde way:
Pack stones in a crucible filled with the kind of chemicals which produce both rutile silk (Ti) and color (Ti, Fe, Cr, etc.).
Heat to near the melting point (1800–1900° C) for several days or even weeks. Periodically recharge the crucible with chemicals.
After cooling, lightly repolish, and voila – the gems now have color and/or stars.
How does it work? Like this: when a stone is heated to near the melting point, the crystal lattice is expanded to the maximum. Heat it too much and the bonds break completely. That's melting (and that's tough titty if it's your stone). But if you heat it to just below the melting point, where the bonds stretch but do not break, the gem will absorb the chemicals, creating color, asterism or both. However, atoms of Fe, Ti and Cr are fairly large and so cannot move easily into the stone. Thus the color and asterism are confined to a thin layer (0.10 to 0.50 mm) near the surface. This process was patented by Union Carbide in 1975–1977 and is termed surface diffusion.
Surface diffusion works best on stones which have little or no color of their own, as it makes little sense to add color to something that already has plenty. The starting material is generally near-colorless sapphire from Sri Lanka. Due to the shallow penetration of surface-diffused color, stones must be cut (but facets left unpolished). After treatment the surfaces will be pockmarked from the high temperatures. And so the stones are lightly repolished (with the emphasis on lightly), to leave intact as much of the color layer as possible. Too heavy a hand on the polishing wheel results in both loss of color and $$$$.
Both faceted and star sapphires of blue and orange colors treated in this way first appeared in the gem trade in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Initially the stones were produced by the Swiss company Golay Buchel, which bought the process from Union Carbide. Later, stones treated in Thailand and elsewhere appeared. But they soon disappeared when gemologists became familiar with their characteristics. And by the mid 1980s they were rare indeed.
Pack stones in a crucible filled with the kind of chemicals which produce both rutile silk (Ti) and color (Ti, Fe, Cr, etc.).
Heat to near the melting point (1800–1900° C) for several days or even weeks. Periodically recharge the crucible with chemicals.
After cooling, lightly repolish, and voila – the gems now have color and/or stars.
How does it work? Like this: when a stone is heated to near the melting point, the crystal lattice is expanded to the maximum. Heat it too much and the bonds break completely. That's melting (and that's tough titty if it's your stone). But if you heat it to just below the melting point, where the bonds stretch but do not break, the gem will absorb the chemicals, creating color, asterism or both. However, atoms of Fe, Ti and Cr are fairly large and so cannot move easily into the stone. Thus the color and asterism are confined to a thin layer (0.10 to 0.50 mm) near the surface. This process was patented by Union Carbide in 1975–1977 and is termed surface diffusion.
Surface diffusion works best on stones which have little or no color of their own, as it makes little sense to add color to something that already has plenty. The starting material is generally near-colorless sapphire from Sri Lanka. Due to the shallow penetration of surface-diffused color, stones must be cut (but facets left unpolished). After treatment the surfaces will be pockmarked from the high temperatures. And so the stones are lightly repolished (with the emphasis on lightly), to leave intact as much of the color layer as possible. Too heavy a hand on the polishing wheel results in both loss of color and $$$$.
Both faceted and star sapphires of blue and orange colors treated in this way first appeared in the gem trade in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Initially the stones were produced by the Swiss company Golay Buchel, which bought the process from Union Carbide. Later, stones treated in Thailand and elsewhere appeared. But they soon disappeared when gemologists became familiar with their characteristics. And by the mid 1980s they were rare indeed.
Sapphire stone-Wise
Hard to imagine this amazing blue sapphires net late autumn or winter, when the sky is gray clouds delayed. But so easily recall the May clean clear skies, beautiful waves sapphires. Since ancient times, philosophers and poets called a sky high ion. This stone can have all the blue-sky shades of bright blue and deep blue morning until evening. But, in addition, can be deposited, and most others are playing sunset colors-yellow, pink, orange and mauve. waves beauty sapphires. Sapphire can be colorless white, green, brown and purple, magenta, golden yellow, pink persikovo-. But the color sapphires is certainly blue. Blue Ion usually associated consistency and reliability. That is why in the world have a tradition of donating to the betrothal future wife is deposited, as a symbol of loyalty. Stone Wise In ancient stone church was deposited servants and teachers and elders. Priest temple of Jupiter has always been deposited in the ring with the index finger. Lie decorated clothing clergy Judea and India, they have been decorated crown Cleopatra. Color sapphires expensive always valued and always considered prestigious. First described in the literature colored sapphires Pliny in "Natural History". In his writings he made a number of scientific evidence on the properties of this mineral: the colour, glamour, change hues with rotating stone. In Renaissance jewelry display sapphires have been particularly fashionable in the courtyard of the King of France, as well as in Italy and Spain. Always thought that ion cools passion, grace calm, calm, modesty and unselfishness. Not to be confused with rubies Sapphire belongs to a group of corundum, which was characterized its hardness. On a scale of the mineral Moosa second in hardness only diamond. This firmness is deposited, even for daily socks in the jewellery decorations. His edge over the years, virtually erased. It is difficult to keep on rock scratches.
The group also has corundum ruby. And, in fact, this was the same stone, but with a different colour. For ease of classification profession precious stones, it was decided to call all the red corundum rubies. The remaining colors, including green, orange, pink, white and the other is related to logistics, although they put in a separate subgroup. Lie not blue or fantasy called "fensi." Most rare orange-ion with light pink shade that came to be known - padparadzha or lotus flower. Another rarity is deposited fashion. Its surface can be seen rolling shestiluchevuyu stars reflected light. Such sapphires are often proud to collectors or fans proud individual jewellery. Two identical sapphires "fensi" virtually impossible to find. Our minds can hardly be accomplished by explaining that sapphires amazing colors and celestial hues are deep in the bowels of the Earth. The most beautiful sapphires are in Kashmir (India), they also the most expensive. Surprising beauty coloured sapphires from Burma (Kanchanaburi area), many beautiful sapphires are in Sri Lanka (Ratnapura district). There are deposits of sapphires in Madagascar. A collection Leopard Jewelry collected the best sapphires from the known world.
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